Translation guide
The English word 'beneath' can express physical position under something, being lower in status or worth, or being hidden under a surface. This guide covers natural Japanese equivalents for each use.
To say that something is physically located under or below something else.
The most common and neutral way to say 'beneath' or 'under'. Used with the particle に for location or で for action.
The cat is beneath the table.
本はベッドの下にあります。
The book is beneath the bed.
Means 'directly beneath' or 'right under'. Emphasizes the exact position underneath.
電灯の真下に立ってください。
Please stand directly beneath the light.
A formal or written term meaning 'lower part' or 'below'. Often used in technical or descriptive contexts.
図の下方に説明があります。
There is an explanation beneath the diagram.
To express that someone or something is considered inferior or less important.
Uses 下 (した) metaphorically to mean 'under the authority/control of' or 'beneath in rank'.
彼は部長の下で働いている。
He works beneath the department manager.
Literally 'lower than ~'. Used for comparing status or rank.
彼の地位は私より下だ。
His position is beneath mine.
Means 'not worthy of' or 'beneath one's dignity'. Used when something is considered too low for someone.
そんな行為は君に値しない。
Such behavior is beneath you.
To say that something is concealed or not obvious, lying under an exterior.
Literally 'hiding beneath ~'. Used for both physical and metaphorical concealment.
彼の笑顔の下には悲しみが隠れている。
Beneath his smile, sadness is hidden.
Means 'behind/beneath the surface'. Often used for hidden motives or truths.
その親切の裏には下心があった。
Beneath that kindness, there was an ulterior motive.
English uses 'beneath' in many idiomatic ways (e.g., 'beneath contempt', 'beneath notice'). These rarely translate directly to 下. Instead, use phrases like 問題にならない (not worth considering) or 軽蔑に値する (deserving contempt).