Translation guide
The Japanese word for 'gene' is 遺伝子 (いでんし). This is the standard term used in biology, medicine, and everyday conversation. There are no major polysemy issues; the word is used much like its English counterpart.
遺伝子が突然変異を起こした。
The gene underwent a mutation.
この病気は遺伝子の異常によって引き起こされる。
This disease is caused by a genetic abnormality.
Also used figuratively, as in English.
彼には芸術の遺伝子が受け継がれている。
He has inherited the art gene.
Refers to lineage or bloodline, often used when talking about inherited traits in a more traditional or colloquial sense.
音楽の才能は血筋だね。
Musical talent runs in the family.