Translation guide
A guide to expressing the English preposition 'including' in Japanese, covering how to list examples, specify inclusion, and handle partial lists naturally.
To say 'including X, Y, and Z' when giving examples or specifying members of a group.
Used to mean 'including N' when N is part of a larger set. Often followed by a list or a statement about the whole group.
私の家族は、私を含めて5人です。
My family has five people, including me.
To clarify that a figure or statement already accounts for a particular item.
Same pattern as above, but used to emphasize that N is already counted in the total.
この値段は税を含めて1000円です。
This price is 1000 yen, including tax.
Means 'including N' or 'with N included'. Common in prices and packages.
To explicitly say 'not including' or 'excluding' something.
Means 'excluding N' or 'not including N'.
私を除いて全員参加します。
Everyone will participate, not including me.
Means 'without N' or 'excluding N'. Often used in casual contexts.
「含めて」 is a te-form used adverbially to mean 'including' and often connects to a following clause. 「含む」 is the dictionary form and modifies nouns directly. Use 「含めて」 when you want to say 'including X, ...' and 「含む」 when you want to say 'a list including X'.
彼を含めて10人来た。
Ten people came, including him.
彼を含むリスト
a list including him
Avoid directly translating 'including' as a standalone word. Japanese often uses particles like も or patterns like を含めて to convey the same meaning. Using a literal translation like 「含んで」 may sound unnatural.
This tour costs 20,000 yen, including meals.
Modifies a noun to mean 'including N'. Often used in written or formal contexts.
参加者全員を含むリストを作成してください。
Please make a list including all participants.
A simple way to add 'also' or 'including' when listing items. Often used in casual speech.
りんごもバナナも好きです。
I like apples and bananas (including both).
Means 'such as' or 'including things like'. Implies there are other similar items not mentioned.
果物などが好きです。
I like things like fruit (including fruit and similar items).
It's 5000 yen including shipping.
わさび抜きでお願いします。
Without wasabi, please (not including wasabi).