Translation guide
The term 'paganism' refers broadly to non-Abrahamic, often polytheistic or nature-based religions. In Japanese, there is no single exact equivalent; the best choice depends on context—whether you mean ancient European paganism, modern neo-paganism, or a general contrast with monotheism.
The broad concept of paganism as a category of religions outside Judaism, Christianity, and Islam.
Literally 'different religion', this is the most common translation for 'paganism' in a general sense, often used in academic or comparative religion contexts. It can carry a nuance of 'non-orthodox' from a monotheistic perspective.
古代ヨーロッパの異教について研究しています。
I am researching ancient European paganism.
A direct loanword from English, used primarily in modern contexts like neo-pagan movements (Wicca, Druidry, etc.). It is less common than 異教 but more specific to contemporary Western paganism.
彼女はペイガニズムの儀式に参加した。
She participated in a paganism ritual.
Means 'polytheism'. Use this when emphasizing the worship of multiple gods, which is a common feature of many pagan religions. It is a descriptive term rather than a direct translation of 'paganism'.
古代ローマの多神教は多くの神々を崇拝していた。
Ancient Roman paganism worshipped many gods.
Literally 'nature worship'. This term is appropriate when paganism is specifically characterized by reverence for nature, but it is not a direct translation and may be too narrow.
その祭りは古代の自然崇拝に由来している。
The festival originates from ancient paganism (nature worship).
Referring specifically to contemporary revivalist or reconstructionist pagan religions.
The direct loanword for 'neo-paganism', widely understood in Japanese subcultures and academic circles when discussing modern pagan movements.
ネオペイガニズムは近年注目を集めている。
Neo-paganism has been gaining attention in recent years.
A more formal Japanese term meaning 'modern paganism'. It is used in scholarly or serious discussions but may sound stiff in casual conversation.
現代異教主義の信者は自然との調和を重視する。
Adherents of modern paganism value harmony with nature.
In historical or religious contrast, especially when Christianity labels other religions as pagan.
Again, 異教 is the standard term. In historical contexts, it often carries the connotation of 'heathen' from a Christian viewpoint.
中世のキリスト教会は異教を弾圧した。
The medieval Christian church suppressed paganism.
Means 'heresy' or 'false religion'. It is a pejorative term used by a dominant religion to condemn others. Use with caution as it is highly negative.
This term is derogatory and reflects a biased perspective. Avoid unless quoting or describing historical attitudes.
異教 is the general, established term for 'paganism' and can be used in most contexts, including historical and comparative religion. ペイガニズム is a loanword that specifically evokes modern Western neo-pagan movements. Use 異教 for broad or historical references, and ペイガニズム when talking about contemporary Wicca, Druidry, etc.
異教の研究は宗教学の一部です。
The study of paganism is part of religious studies.
彼はペイガニズムの魔術に関心がある。
He is interested in pagan magic.
In English, 'pagan' can sometimes be used loosely to mean 'irreligious' or 'hedonistic'. Japanese does not have an equivalent colloquial usage. Do not use 異教 or ペイガニズム to translate such figurative meanings; instead, rephrase the intent (e.g., 無宗教, 快楽主義).
キリスト教以前のヨーロッパでは異教が広まっていた。
Paganism was widespread in Europe before Christianity.
彼女は現代のペイガニズムの一形態を実践している。
She practices a form of modern paganism.
宣教師たちはその土地の信仰を邪教と呼んだ。
The missionaries called the local beliefs paganism (heresy).