Translation guide
The common city bird. In Japanese, the default word is 鳩 (はと), which covers both pigeons and doves. For the typical city pigeon, ドバト (どばと) is the specific term.
Referring to pigeons in general, or when the specific type is clear from context.
The most common and neutral word for pigeon or dove. Used in everyday speech.
There are a lot of pigeons in the park.
Specifically the common city pigeon (rock dove). Used when you want to be precise about the species.
駅前にはドバトが群がっている。
Pigeons are flocking in front of the station.
Referring to a dove as a symbol of peace, often white.
Literally 'dove of peace'. The standard phrase for the peace dove symbol.
その絵には平和の鳩が描かれている。
A dove of peace is drawn in that picture.
Referring to pigeon meat, usually in a culinary context.
Literally 'pigeon meat'. Used in menus or recipes, but not common in everyday Japanese cuisine.
フランス料理で鳩肉を食べた。
I ate pigeon meat in French cuisine.
Japanese does not strictly distinguish between pigeons and doves. 鳩 (はと) covers both. If you need to specify a white dove, use 白鳩 (しろはと). For the common city pigeon, ドバト is best.