Translation guide
Used to clarify, rephrase, or explain something just said. In Japanese, this is expressed with set phrases that introduce a restatement or conclusion.
To explain something more clearly or in other words.
The most common and neutral way to say 'that is to say' or 'in other words'. Used in both spoken and written Japanese.
More formal and often used in writing or speeches. Equivalent to 'namely' or 'that is to say'.
Literally 'if we rephrase', used to introduce a restatement. Common in explanations.
言い換えれば、それは不可能だ。
In other words, that's impossible.
To sum up or state the logical result of what was said.
つまり is everyday and conversational; すなわち is formal and often found in written explanations or definitions. Use つまり in most situations.
つまり、そういうことです。
That is to say, that's how it is.
すなわち、これが結論です。
Namely, this is the conclusion.
彼は、つまり私の兄は、医者です。
He, that is to say my older brother, is a doctor.
つまり、何が言いたいんですか？
So, what are you trying to say?
日本、すなわち日出ずる国。
Japan, that is to say, the land of the rising sun.
Also used to mean 'in short' or 'after all'. Very versatile.
つまり、君は行きたくないんだね。
So, you don't want to go, in other words.
Means 'in short' or 'the point is'. Used to summarize.
要するに、彼は嘘をついている。
In short, he is lying.