surplus, besides
剰 centers on something left over beyond what is needed: a surplus, an extra amount, or something besides the main part.
剰 combines 乗 (ride, mount) with 刂 (knife). The historical development is uncertain, but it likely relates to the idea of something being carried or added, leading to surplus.
Imagine riding (乗) with a knife (刂) in your belt, and you have an extra one besides the one you're using—that's your surplus.
For ジョウ, picture a surplus of Joe's belongings: Joe -> ジョウ, and he has more than he needs.
excess; surplus; superabundance; overabundance
surplus; remainder; residue; margin; balance
surplus; balance; remainder
hypervitaminosis
overpopulation
excess personnel; redundant staff
surplus tile; tile that has become unnecessary to the advancement of a hand, particularly at the moment tenpai is attained
oversupply (of goods, etc.); excessive supply
excessive birth (rate)
surplus value (in Marxian economics)
surplus labor
modulo N check; residue check
surplus; balance
coset; residue class
unnecessary expenses
remaining money; change
ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome; OHSS
quadratic residue
law of quadratic reciprocity
hyperconsciousness; too great a sense (of); something being only one's imagination; letting imagination run away with one