noun, noun, used as a suffix
Physical or geological layer; also used for thin seams or beds of material.
地層を調べると、過去の環境がわかる。
By examining geological strata, we can learn about past environments.
ケーキはスポンジとクリームの層でできている。
The cake is made of layers of sponge and cream.
noun, noun, used as a suffix
class; stratum; bracket; group
Social or abstract layer, such as income bracket, age group, or social class.
この政策は中間所得層を支援するものだ。
This policy supports the middle-income bracket.
若年層の投票率が低い。
Voter turnout among the younger age group is low.
noun, noun, used as a suffix
Mathematics term for a sheaf; a technical concept in topology and algebraic geometry.
層の理論は代数幾何学で重要な役割を果たす。
Sheaf theory plays an important role in algebraic geometry.
counter
counter for stories (of a building)
Used as a counter for floors or storeys of a building; often in compounds like 二層 (two-storey).
このビルは五層建てです。
This building is five storeys tall.
段 refers to a step, tier, or rank, often in a vertical sequence, whereas 層 emphasizes a flat, horizontal layer.
The kanji 層 is a phono-semantic compound: 尸 (body) + 曾 (layered, piled up). The reading そう is the on'yomi. The word has been used in Japanese for physical layers since early texts, and extended to abstract strata and mathematical sheaves in modern times.